In poultry production, dietary prebiotics viz. dietary organic acid (OA) supplements, mannan oligosaccharide (MOS), beta-glucan and xylanase supplementation are mainly used in order to enhance live body weight gain, dressing percentage, weight of vital organs and muscles and mean villus lengths in digestive tract of poultry birds. Prebiotics can also act as immunostimulants. The term immunostimulant can be used interchangeably with immunomodulator, adjuvant and biological response modifier. Immunostimulators can be in the form of drugs and nutrients. This article highlights role of prebiotics and their physiological implications on body performance.

Transdermal patch is a medicated adhesive patch that is placed on the skin to deliver the drug through the skin in order to achieve systemic absorption of drug at a predetermined rate over a prolonged period of time. Its main advantages includes controlled drug release with minimum side effects, improved bioavailability, bypass first pass metabolism and many more. There are factors such as physiochemical as well as biological which affect the bioavailability of transdermal medicament. Due to technological advancement, many new techniques which have attained attention are iontophoresis, phonophoresis, electroporation micro needles etc. Different types of transdermal patches can be prepared by varying methods. Transdermal patches can be evaluated by interaction studies, folding endurance, thickness of the patch, weight uniformity, drug content and in vitro studies. This review covers general aspects like advantages, methods of preparation of transdermal patches, evaluation, basic components of transdermal drug delivery system.

A simple, selective, rapid, precise and economical RP-HPLC stability-indicating method has been developed and validated for the quantitative estimation of orlistat (API) and their degradation products. Chromatographic separation was accomplished using C18 column with mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile:0.1% formic acid (85:15, v/v), flow rate was 1.0 ml/min and the detection wavelength was 215 nm. The method was validated for linearity, accuracy, precision, specificity and robustness. The API was subjected to stress condition of acid decomposition (0.1 N HCl refluxed for 8 h at 80 degree celsius), alkali decomposition (0.1 N NaOH refluxed for 8 h at 80 degree celsius), neutral hydrolysis (Distilled water refluxed for 12 h at 80 degree celsius), oxidative decomposition (3% H2O2 for 24 h at RT), thermal decomposition (Drug at 100 degree celsius for 24 h), photolytic decomposition (70,000-80,000 lux at 7 days). Percentage assay of degraded products were acid (13.37), alkali (9.23), neutral hydrolysis (1.44), oxidative decomposition (5.04) respectively and there is no degradation in thermal and photolytic decomposition was found in degradation studies. Forced degradation study showed that orlistat is a labile in acid, alkali, neutral and oxidative conditions. It is stable to light and dry heat. No interference of degradation products was found at the RT of principle peak. The assay recommended for analysis of the API and degradation products in stability samples. It may be applied to a routine analysis in industries.

An accurate, specific and precise UV spectrophotometric method was developed for the simultaneous determination of naproxen (NAP) and domperidone (DOM) in tablet dosage form. The optimum conditions for the analysis of the drug were established. The maximum wavelength (λmax) was found to be 271 nm for NAP and 287 nm for DOM. The linearity of the proposed method was found in the range of 10-35 µg/ml and 5-30 µg/ml for NAP and DOM respectively. Calibration curves showed a linear relationship between the absorbance and concentration. The line equation for NAP y = 0.0222x - 0.0226 with r2 of 0.9999 and for DOM y = 0.0292x - 0.0149 with r2 of 0.9998 was obtained. Validation was performed as per ICH guidelines for linearity, accuracy, precision, LOD and LOQ. The LOD was found to be 0.0454 and 0.656 µg/ml for NAP and DOM and the LOQ was found to be 0.151 and 2.18 µg/ml for NAP and DOM respectively. The proposed method was simple, sensitive, precise, accurate, quick and useful for routine analysis of NAP and DOM in tablet formulations.

This study describes the development and validation of stability indicating HPLC method for dronedarone hydrochloride in its bulk form. Dronedarone was subjected to stress degradation under different conditions recommended by International Conference on Harmonization. The sample so generated was used to develop a stability indicating high performance liquid chromatographic method for dronedarone.HCl. The peak for dronedarone.HCl was well resolved from the peaks of degradation products, using a kromasil C18 (250 mm x 4.6 mm, 5 μm) column and mobile phase comprising of buffer:methanol (buffer:30 mM KH2PO4 + 1 ml triethylamine in 1 litre water, pH=3.6 adjusted with ortho-phosphoric acid) using the gradient method at a flow rate of 1 ml/min. Detection was carried out using a UV detector at 291 nm. The degradation product peak was well resolved from drug peak. The method proved to be specific to the drug and its degradation products. The developed HPLC method was validated with respect to linearity, accuracy, precision and robustness. All the results were found to be within the specification limit.

Phenolic compounds are secondary metabolites of plants that are widely distributed throughout the plant kingdom. Secondary metabolites possess structural diversity that provide flavor and color to fruits, vegetables, and grains. They precipitate various pharmacological and toxicological effects on living beings. Extraction of the bioactive plant constituents has always been a challenging task for the researchers. In the present study, an attempt has been made to give an overview on chemistry, distribution, extraction and isolation techniques of various plant phenolics.

Phenolic compounds are secondary metabolites of plants that are widely distributed throughout the plant kingdom. Secondary metabolites possess structural diversity that provide flavor and color to fruits, vegetables, and grains. They precipitate various pharmacological and toxicological effects on living beings. Extraction of the bioactive plant constituents has always been a challenging task for the researchers. In the present study, an attempt has been made to give an overview on chemistry, distribution, extraction and isolation techniques of various plant phenolics.

A novel series of 4-[2-(3-bromophenyl)-7-nitro-4-oxo-3,4-dihydro-3-quinazolinyl]benzoyl amino acids and di/tripeptides was synthesized using diisopropylcarbodiimide (DIPC) as the coupling agent and N-methylmorpholine (NMM) as the base. Structures of all the newly synthesized peptide analogs were elucidated using IR, 1H/13C NMR, MS spectral data and evaluated for antimicrobial potential against pathogenic microbes. Most of the compounds exhibited potent antifungal activity against pathogenic Candida albicans and dermatophytes, in comparison to reference compound. Good bioactivity was also seen against gram-negative bacteria for synthesized compounds.